> filename = 'spam.txt'
> filename.endswith('.txt')
True
> filename.startswith('file:')
False
> url = 'http://www.python.org'
> url.startswith('http:')
True
> 

> import os
> filenames = os.listdir('.')
> filenames
[ 'Makefile', 'foo.c', 'bar.py', 'spam.c', 'spam.h' ]
> [name for name in filenames if name.endswith(('.c', '.h')) ]
['foo.c', 'spam.c', 'spam.h'
> any(name.endswith('.py') for name in filenames)
True
>
 
#示例2
from urllib.request import urlopen
def read_data(name):
 if name.startswith(('http:', 'https:', 'ftp:')):
 return urlopen(name).read()
 else:
 with open(name) as f:
  return f.read() 

> choices = ['http:', 'ftp:']
> url = 'http://www.python.org'
> url.startswith(choices)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: startswith first arg must be str or a tuple of str, not list
> url.startswith(tuple(choices))
True
>

> filename = 'spam.txt'
> filename[-4:] == '.txt'
True
> url = 'http://www.python.org'
> url[:5] == 'http:' or url[:6] == 'https:' or url[:4] == 'ftp:'
True
>

> import re
> url = 'http://www.python.org'
> re.match('http:jhttps:jftp:', url)
<_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x101253098>
>

if any(name.endswith(('.c', '.h')) for name in listdir(dirname)):
...